Interrelations of Level of Urinary Cotinine and Score for Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence among Beedi Smokers, and Smokeless Tobacco Users in India

Interrelations of Level of Urinary Cotinine and Score for Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence among Beedi Smokers, and Smokeless Tobacco Users in India

BACKGROUND Tobacco related diseases is largely preventable and can stop pre-mature death. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence rate of smoking is 28.6% (40% among males and 18.2% among females).[1] Beedismoking and tobacco chewing are the commonest forms of tobacco habits in India, and strongly associated with oral cancer in India.[2] There are methods to estimation of s...

Can urinary cotinine predict nicotine dependence level in smokers?

BACKGROUND Although nicotine dependence plays a role as a main barrier for smoking cessation, there is still a lack of solid evidence on the validity of biomarkers to determine nicotine dependence in clinical settings. This study aimed to investigate whether urinary cotinine levels could reflect the severity of nicotine dependence in active smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data regarding genera...

Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence

Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence

Urinary levels of nicotine & cotinine in tobacco users.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Of the various biochemical markers used to validate the smoking status of a person, nicotine and continine are considered as good markers for both active and passive smoking. In the present study an attempt was made to estimate urinary levels of nicotine and cotinine in healthy individuals from north India using different types of tobacco to identify and validate the smo...